英语中的主谓一致是确保主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致的规则。这有助于使句子更清晰、更易理解。下面是三种主谓一致的原则以及相应的例子:
语法形式一致:
- 单数主语需要使用单数谓语动词:
- “She plays the piano.”(她弹钢琴。)
- “The cat sleeps on the windowsill.”(猫在窗台上睡觉。)
- 复数主语需要使用复数谓语动词:
- “They play soccer.”(他们踢足球。)
- “The birds sing in the morning.”(鸟儿在早晨唱歌。)
- 尽管不定代词“everyone”、“nobody”、“someone”等在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式:
- “Everyone has their own opinion.”(每个人都有自己的看法。)
- “Nobody likes rainy days.”(没有人喜欢雨天。)
- 连接词“either…or”和“neither…nor”可用单数形式也可用复数形式:
- “Either John or his friends are coming to the party.”(要么约翰要么他的朋友们要来参加聚会。)
- “Neither the cat nor the dog likes baths.”(既不是猫也不是狗喜欢洗澡。)
- all of”,“most of”,“a lot of”,“some of”,“none of”,“plenty of”,以及“the rest of”等修饰名词作为主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与名词保持一致:
- The rest of the lecture is dull.(剩下的讲座很乏味。)
- All of the students passed the exam.(所有的学生都通过了考试。)
- Most of the apples are ripe.(大部分苹果都熟了。)
- Some of the books are interesting.(其中一些书很有趣。)
- None of the guests arrived on time.(没有一个客人准时到达。)
- 不可数名词作为主语时,谓语动词使用单数形式:
- “Music brings joy to our lives.”(音乐给我们的生活带来了快乐。)
- “Water is essential for survival.”(水对于生存至关重要。)
- 以“more than one”或“many a”开头的句子中,谓语动词使用单数形式:
- “More than one student has passed the exam.”(不止一个学生通过了考试。)
- “Many a flower in the garden blooms beautifully.”(花园里有许多花朵盛开得很美丽。)
概念一致(内容上一致):
- 集体名词作为单数或复数主语时,根据上下文决定谓语动词形式:
- “The team is united.”(团队是统一的)
- “The group of students are studying.”(学生组正在学习)
- “The team of scientists is conducting research.”(科学家团队正在进行研究。)
- “The team of players are practicing diligently.”(运动员团队正在努力训练。)
- 有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式:
- “The people in the park are enjoying the sunny weather.”(公园里的人们正在享受阳光明媚的天气。)
- “The police are investigating the robbery.”(警察正在调查抢劫案。)
- “The local militia has been called to assist during the emergency.”(当地的民兵在紧急情况下被召集来协助。)
- “The farmer raises a herd of cattle on his ranch.”(农民在牧场上饲养着一群牛。)
- “She runs a small farm with various types of poultry, including chickens and ducks.”(她经营着一个小农场,养了各种类型的家禽,包括鸡和鸭。)
- 有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数:
- “No news is good news.”(没有消息就是好消息。)
- “Desperate times call for desperate means.”(绝望的时刻需要不择手段。)
- “Physics is a challenging subject.”(物理学是一门具有挑战性的学科。)
- “Classical mechanics explains the motion of everyday objects.”(经典力学解释了日常物体的运动。)
- “American politics is a complex and dynamic system.”(美国政治是一个复杂而动态的系统。)
- 表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式:
- “Five dollars is all I have left.”(我只剩下五美元了。)
- “Three hours of sleep is not enough for me.”(三小时的睡眠对我来说不够。)
- “Ten kilograms of rice is enough for the week.”(十公斤大米足够一周了。)
- “Five meters of fabric makes a beautiful dress.”(五米布料可以做一件漂亮的连衣裙。)
- “Three liters of water is essential for staying hydrated.”(三升水对于保持水分很重要。)
- “The value of the antique vase has increased significantly.”(这个古董花瓶的价值大幅上涨。)
- “Twenty dollars buys a ticket to the concert.”(二十美元可以买一张音乐会门票。)
毗邻一致:
- 当连词“or”,“neither…nor”,“either…or”,“not only … also”,“nor”等连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与紧邻它的主语保持一致:
- Either my father or my brothers are coming.(不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。)
- Neither you nor I am wrong.(你和我都没错。)
- Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat.(不是教练就是运动员对这次失败负有责任。)
- Not only the students but also the teacher is excited about the field trip.(不仅学生们,老师也对这次郊游感到兴奋。)
- Either you or your friend has the answer to this riddle.(要么你,要么你朋友知道这个谜底。)
- “there be” 句型用于描述某处存在某人或某物。谓语动词的单复数形式通常遵循就近原则,即与紧邻它的主语保持一致:
- “There is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk.”(桌子上有一支笔、两本书和许多铅笔。)
- “There are two dogs and a cat under the tree.”(树下有两只狗和一只猫。)
- “There is a teacher and many students in the classroom.”(教室里有一位老师和许多学生。)
- “There are some flowers and a desk in the room.”(房间里有一些花和一张桌子。)
- “There are some students on the playground.”(操场上有一些学生。)